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Stress is a significant factor that can adversely affect the health and performance of young calves. Understanding the main stressors and the impact they can have on calf health is important as they can have lasting effects which negatively impact future productivity.

Stress is a natural response to perceived threats or discomfort. At times of stress, the 'flight or fight' hormone called cortisol is released which primes the body to escape immediate dangers, but prolonged or intense increases in stress levels can have significant negative effects on calves, including:

• Reduced immunity leading to increased susceptibility to disease. Cortisol down regulates the production of immune cells. Studies have shown that stressed calves have lower levels of immunoglobulins which are key for fighting off disease

• Reduced intakes which can cause poor daily live weight gain. Stressed calves often have reduced feed intake and poor feed efficiency. The energy that would normally be used for growth and development is instead diverted to cope with stress, resulting in lower weight gains and delayed weaning

• Behavioural changes, including more aggressive or timid behaviour. These can make handling more difficult and can affect their ability to integrate into the herd

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